Human parasitic infections of the class Adenophorea: global epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control

Intirach, Jitrawadee; Shu, Chang; Lv, Xin; Gao, Suzhen; Sutthanont, Nataya; Chen, Tao; Lv, Zhiyue

doi:10.1186/s40249-024-01216-1

Infectious Diseases of Poverty

Table 1 Distribution of Adenophorean nematodes that can transmit parasitic diseases, human infection cases, host range and source of infection in humans

From: Human parasitic infections of the class Adenophorea: global epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention and control

Categories	Distribution	Distribution of human cases	Host range or host infection	Source of infection in humans	References
Capillaridae Railliet, 1915
Eucoleus aerophilus Dujardin, 1845 (syn. Capillaria aerophila Creplin, 1839)	Worldwide		Wild carnivores, dogs, cats, humans	Ingestion of embryonated eggs	[67]
		France, Iran, Morocco, Russia, Serbia, Ukraine	Carnivorous mammals	Cats	[68]
Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1893) Moravec, 1982 (syn. Capillaria hepatica Bancroft, 1893)	Worldwide		Murid rodents and various other mammals	Consumption of unembryonated eggs in soil or infected game	[69]
		Argentina, France	Human, rodent, camelid	ND	[70]
		Brazil, Canada, Czechoslovakia, England, Germany, Greece, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, Nigeria, India, Ivory Coast, Japan, Republic of Korea, South Africa, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, USA, Yugoslavia	Marsupials, carnivores, hominids and other mammals	The consumption of infected game or from soil	[58]
		China	Human	–	[60]
		Israel	Human	–	[59]
		Iran	Human	–	[57]
C. philippinensis Velasquez, Chitwood and Salazar, 1968	The Philippines, Thailand, Japan, Iran, Egypt, China		Human	Raw fish	[71]
		China	Human	Fish	[72]
		Colombia	Human	Fish	[73]
		Egypt	Human	Fish	[74,75,76]
		India	Human	Fish	[77]
		Indonesia	Human	–	[78]
		Japan	Human	Fish	[79]
		Republic of Korea	Human	Fish	[80, 81]
		Lao People's Democratic Republic	Human	Fish	[82]
		The Philippines	Human	Fish	[62, 83, 84]
		China (Taiwan Province)	Human	Fish	[85, 86]
		Thailand	Human	Fish	[87,88,89]
Dioctophymatidae Castellani & Chalmers, 1910
Dioctophyme renale Goeze, 1782	Worldwide		Mustelids, wild carnivores, domestic animals	Ingestion of raw or undercooked fish or frogs	[22, 54]
Dioctophyme renale Goeze, 1782		Australia, China, Greece, India, Iran, Indonesia, Japan, Thailand, the United States, and Yugoslavia	Mustelids, wild carnivores, domestic animals	Fish or frogs	[22, 54]
Robertdollfusidae Chabaud & Campana, 1950
Haycocknema perplexum Spratt, Beveridge, Andrews & Dennett, 1999	ND	Queensland and Tasmania in Australia	ND	ND	[21, 90]
Trichinellidae Ward, 1907
Trichinella britovi (T3) Pozio, la-Rosa, Murrell & Lichtenfels, 1992	Temperate areas of Europe and Asia, Northern and Western Africa		Sylvatic mammals and seldomly domestic pigs	Wild boars, domestic pigs horses, foxes, jackals	[33]
		Algeria	Human	Golden jackal (Canis aureus)	[91]
		Bulgaria	Human	Wild boar and backyard pig	[92]
			Human	Domestic pig	[93]
		France	Human	Wild boar	[94]
		Greece	Human	Wild boar meat products	[95]
		Italy	Human	Wild boar meat products	[96]
			Human	Wild boar and pig	[97]
		Serbia	Human	Wild boars	[98]
		Slovakia	Human	Red foxes and wild boars	[99]
		Spain	Human	Wild boar	[100]
			Human	Wild boar	[101]
		Sweden	Human	Wild boar	[101]
		Turkey	Human	Raw meat balls of beef-mixed pork	[102]
T. murrelli (T5) Pozio & La Rosa, 2000	United States and southern Canada		Sylvatic carnivores	Bears, horses	[33]
T. murrelli (T5) Pozio & La Rosa, 2000		France	Human	Horse	[103]
T. nativa (T2) Britov & Boev, 1972	Arctic and subarctic areas of America, Asia, Europe		Sylvatic carnivores	Bears, walruses	[33]
		Canada (northern Ontario)	Human	Black bear meat	[104]
		Canada (northern Saskatchewan)	Human	Bear meat	[105]
		China	Human	Dog	[106]
		United States	Human	Cougar jerky	[107]
T. nelsoni (T7) Britov and Boev, 1972	Eastern-southern Africa		Sylvatic mammals	Warthogs, bush pigs	[33]
T. nelsoni (T7) Britov and Boev, 1972		Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Senegal	Human	–	[108]
T. papuae (T10) Pozio et al., 1999	Papua New Guinea, Thailand		Wild pigs, saltwater crocodiles	Wild pigs	[33]
		Cambodia	Human	Wild pig	[109]
		Malaysia	Human	Wild boar	[110]
		Thailand	Human	Wild pig	[111]
				Wild boar	[112]
T. pseudospiralis (T4) Garkavi, 1972	Cosmopolitan		Sylvatic mammals and birds, domestic pigs	Domestic and wild pigs	[33]
		France	Human	Wild boar	[113]
		Italy	Human	The ‘beef’ steak tartare	[114]
		Russia (Kamchatka)	Human	–	[115]
		Tasmania	Human	–	[116]
		Thailand	Human	Wild pig	[117]
T. spiralis (T1) Owen, 1835	Cosmopolitan		Domestic and sylvatic mammals	Domestic and sylvatic swine horses	[33]
		Austria	Human	Pork belly	[118]
		Bulgaria	Human	Backyard pig	[92]
				Domestic pigs	[93]
				Insufficiently cooked meat	[119]
		Canada	Human	Sheep and pigs	[120]
		Chile	Human	Wild boar	[121]
		Croatia	Human	Smoked sausages	[122]
				–	[123]
				Insufficiently cooked meat	[119]
		Egypt	Human	Pigs	[124]
		Estonia	Human	–	[125]
		Ethiopia	Human	Raw pork meat	[126]
		France Serbia	Human	Backyard pigs	[127]
				Insufficiently cooked meat	[119]
		Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Spain	Human	Insufficiently cooked meat	[119]
		China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)	Human	Inadequately cooked pork	[128]
		Hungary	Human	Backyard pigs and wild boars	[129]
		India	Human	Pork	[130]
		Indonesia	Human	–	[131]
		Italy	Human	Pigs, wild boars and horses	[97]
				Insufficiently cooked meat	[119]
		Republic of Korea	Human	Wild boar	[132]
				Badger	[133]
		Lao People's Democratic Republic	Human	Uncooked or fermented pork	[134]
		Lebanon	Human	Pork	[135]
		Mexico	Human	–	[136]
		New Zealand	Human	Pigs	[137]
		Poland	Human	Sausage made of wild boar	[138]
				Insufficiently cooked meat	[119]
		Romania	Human	Pig meat and products (including wild boar)	[123]
				Insufficiently cooked meat	[119]
		Slovakia	Human	Pork and/or smoked pork products	[139]
				Insufficiently cooked meat	[119]
		Thailand	Human	Pigs	[140]
		United States	Human	Pork sausage	[141]
		Vietnam	Human	Raw pork	[142]
				Pork	[143]
Trichinella T6	Canada, Alaska, Rocky Mountains, and Appalachian Mountains in the United States		Sylvatic carnivores	Carnivores	[33]
Trichinella T6		United States		Cougar jerky	[107]
Trichinella T9	Japan		Sylvatic carnivores	ND	[33]
Trichinella T9		Japan	Human	Bear meat	[144]
Trichinella spp.		Argentina	Human	Puma, armadillo and wild boar	[145]
		Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden	Human	Pig and wild boar	[123]
		Bosnia-Herzegovina	Human	Domestic and wild animals	[146]
		Belarus	Human	Domestic and sylvatic mammals	[147]
		China	Human	Pork	[148]
		Czech Republic	Human	–	[149]
		Georgia	Human	Pork	[150]
		Greenland	Human	Polar bear	[151]
		Iran Islamic Rep	Human	Boar meat	[152]
		Ireland	Human	–	[153]
		Israel	Human	Wild pig	[154]
				Wild boar	[155]
		Kazakhstan	Human	Wild boars	[147]
		Kyrgyzstan	Human	–	[149]
		Lao People's Democratic Republic	Human	Raw pork	[156]
		Lithuania	Human	Pork and wild boar	[157]
		Macedonia	Human	–	[149]
		Montenegro, Yugoslavia	Human	Pork	[158]
		Russia	Human	Pork and wild animals (bear, badger, dog)	[159]
				Pork	[160]
		Senegal	Human	Smoked warthog (Phacochoerus africanus)	[161]
		Slovakia	Human	Red foxes and wild boars	[99]
		Slovenia	Human	–	[149]
		Switzerland	Human	–	[149]
		China (Taiwan Province)	Human	Soft-shelled turtles	[162]
		Ukraine	Human	Infected game	[163]
		United Kingdom	Human	–	[149]
		Uzbekistan	Human	Wild boar	[147]
Trichuridae, Ransom, 1911
Trichuris trichiura Linnaeus, 1771	Worldwide	Developing regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America	Human	Ingesting parasitic eggs contaminated in soil, water, vegetables, fruits, etc.	[164, 165]

ND None documented

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ISSN: 2049-9957

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