Table 2 Summary of major prevention and control measures for human parasitic diseases of the Adenophorea class of nematodes

Education and hygiene

- Educate consumers on the risks of eating raw/undercooked meat from domestic/wild animals (fish, frog, pig, etc.).

- Promote hand washing with soap before eating.

Food safety

- Cook meat at no less than 71 °C (160 °F).

- Freeze meat at no less than -15 °C (5 °F) (not recommended for wild game due to freeze-resistant parasites).

- Use irradiation (0.3 kGy).

Sanitation (WASH Program)

- Improve water quality and quantity.

- Increase access to latrines.

- Manage fecal waste.

- Promote personal hygiene.

Preventive chemotherapy

- Administer single doses of oral mebendazole or albendazole.

- Target children, women of reproductive age, and at-risk populations.

- Aim for at least 75% coverage.

Animal control

- Regular deworming of animals.

- Prevent animals from accessing contaminated environments.

- Regular testing/treatment for parasitic infections.

- Rodent control.

Research and development

- Vaccines.

- Probiotics (e.g., Lactobacillus to prevent T. spiralis and T. britovi).

- Chemicals such as OX02983 to inhibit egg development and hatching.